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  "capability_id": "electrical.kva_to_kw",
  "tool_id": "kva-to-kw",
  "engine": "kva-kw",
  "calculation_version": "1.4.1",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-15T14:50:25.132Z",
  "engine_build": "2026-09-10",
  "test_count": 14,
  "passed": 14,
  "failed": 0,
  "tests_summary": {
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      "passed": 7
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    "boundary": {
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      "passed": 4
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    "property": {
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      "passed": 3
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  "expert_reviewed": true,
  "internally_reviewed": false,
  "review_kind": "expert",
  "source_checked": true,
  "reviewed_by": "CalculatorX electrical review",
  "reviewer_role": "electrical-engineer",
  "last_reviewed": "2026-08-08",
  "expert_review": {
    "status": "approved",
    "reviewer": {
      "name": "CalculatorX electrical review",
      "role": "electrical-engineer"
    },
    "reviewed_at": "2026-08-08",
    "scope": [
      "formula",
      "input semantics",
      "assumptions",
      "limitations",
      "sources",
      "tests"
    ],
    "kind": "expert"
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  "internal_review": {
    "status": "not_applicable",
    "reviewer": null
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  "page": "https://www.calculatorx.com/calc/electric/kva-to-kw",
  "api": "https://www.calculatorx.com/api/v1/calc/kva-to-kw",
  "schema_input": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.kva_to_kw.input.json",
  "schema_output": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.kva_to_kw.output.json",
  "assumptions": [
    "PF is the displacement/true power factor relating P and S",
    "Voltage and phase are not required when S or P is already known"
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "PF ∈ (0,1] hard",
    "No voltage/phase required"
  ],
  "boundary_conditions": [
    "power_factor must be in (0, 1] — PF≤0 → FRACTION_OUT_OF_RANGE (engine kva-kw)",
    "Missing PF → MISSING_REQUIRED_INPUT",
    "Zero kVA/kW yields 0 — soft boundary"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Apparent power (IEV 131-11-41)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-41",
      "supports": "kVA is apparent power S; unit volt-ampere (VA) at 10³ scale",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-41"
    },
    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Power factor (IEV 131-11-46)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-46",
      "supports": "λ = |P| / S; P(kW) = S(kVA) × λ and S = P ÷ λ",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-46"
    },
    {
      "title": "IEEE Std 1459-2025",
      "section": "Relationship P = S × PF for sinusoidal conditions",
      "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1459/7578/",
      "supports": "P(kW) = S(kVA) × PF; S = P ÷ PF",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "publisher": "IEEE",
      "published": "2025-05-16",
      "errata_checked": true
    },
    {
      "title": "BIPM SI Brochure (9th edition, version 4.01)",
      "section": "SI units for watt and volt-ampere",
      "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure",
      "supports": "kW / kVA unit relationships; kilo (k) = 10³",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "published": "2026-06",
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.59161/AUEZ1291"
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Guide to the SI (SP 811)",
      "section": "Kilowatt and related power units",
      "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811",
      "supports": "kW / kVA unit relationships",
      "kind": "reference"
    }
  ],
  "methods": [],
  "fingerprint": "sha256:fc80799671a641d8ef33c7b8240aac362579fd9ce3ce1cf6eee18b5b8244340d",
  "tests": [
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      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kva-kw",
        "a": 100,
        "b": 0.8
      },
      "expect": 80,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 80,
      "tol": 0.001
    },
    {
      "id": "50kVA-0.9",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
      "inputs": {
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        "a": 50,
        "b": 0.9
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      "expect": 45,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 45,
      "tol": 0.001
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      "id": "10kVA-0.85",
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      "kind": "golden",
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        "a": 10,
        "b": 0.85
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      "expect": 8.5,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 8.5,
      "tol": 0.001
    },
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      "id": "kw-to-kva-80",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
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        "a": 80,
        "b": 0.8
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      "expect": 100,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 100,
      "tol": 0.001
    },
    {
      "id": "unity",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kva-kw",
        "a": 25,
        "b": 1
      },
      "expect": 25,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 25,
      "tol": 0.001
    },
    {
      "id": "soft-zero",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kva-kw",
        "a": 0,
        "b": 0.8
      },
      "expect": 0,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 0,
      "tol": 1e-12
    },
    {
      "id": "pf-zero",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kva-kw",
        "a": 100,
        "b": 0
      },
      "expectError": "FRACTION_OUT_OF_RANGE",
      "code": "FRACTION_OUT_OF_RANGE",
      "error": "pf must be in (0, 1]"
    },
    {
      "id": "pf-missing",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kva-kw",
        "a": 100
      },
      "expectError": "MISSING_REQUIRED_INPUT",
      "code": "MISSING_REQUIRED_INPUT",
      "error": "power_factor is required"
    },
    {
      "id": "roundtrip",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kw-kva",
        "a": 45,
        "b": 0.9
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      "expect": 50,
      "expectWarning": null,
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      "tol": 0.001
    },
    {
      "id": "neg",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kva-kw",
        "a": -1,
        "b": 0.8
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      "expectError": "VALUE_MUST_BE_NON_NEGATIVE",
      "code": "VALUE_MUST_BE_NON_NEGATIVE",
      "error": "kVA must be ≥ 0"
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      "id": "bad-mode",
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      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "x",
        "a": 1,
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      "expectError": "INVALID_MODE",
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      "error": "mode must be \"kva-kw\" or \"kw-kva\""
    },
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      "kind": "property",
      "detail": "kw-kva recovers",
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      "actual": 100
    }
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  "tier": "expert_verified",
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      "boundary": 4,
      "property": 3
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