{
  "capability_id": "electrical.kw_to_va",
  "tool_id": "kw-to-va",
  "engine": "kw-va",
  "calculation_version": "1.3.1",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-21T08:44:22.307Z",
  "engine_build": "2026-09-18",
  "test_count": 14,
  "passed": 14,
  "failed": 0,
  "tests_summary": {
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      "total": 7,
      "passed": 7
    },
    "boundary": {
      "total": 4,
      "passed": 4
    },
    "property": {
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  "engine_tested": true,
  "expert_reviewed": false,
  "internally_reviewed": true,
  "review_kind": "internal",
  "source_checked": true,
  "reviewed_by": "CalculatorX electrical review",
  "reviewer_role": "electrical-engineer",
  "last_reviewed": "2026-08-08",
  "expert_review": {
    "status": "not_applicable",
    "reviewer": null,
    "note": "Internal domain review completed; not a named external expert review.",
    "kind": "internal"
  },
  "internal_review": {
    "status": "approved",
    "reviewer": {
      "name": "CalculatorX electrical review",
      "role": "electrical-engineer"
    },
    "reviewed_at": "2026-08-08",
    "scope": [
      "formula",
      "input semantics",
      "assumptions",
      "limitations",
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      "tests"
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    "kind": "internal"
  },
  "page": "https://www.calculatorx.com/calc/electric/kw-to-va",
  "api": "https://www.calculatorx.com/api/v1/calc/kw-to-va",
  "schema_input": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.kw_to_va.input.json",
  "schema_output": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.kw_to_va.output.json",
  "assumptions": [
    "PF relates real and apparent power for the AC load",
    "1 kW = 1000 W"
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "PF ∈ (0,1] hard",
    "Built-in kW↔VA scale ×1000"
  ],
  "boundary_conditions": [
    "power_factor must be in (0, 1] — PF≤0 → FRACTION_OUT_OF_RANGE (engine kw-va)",
    "Missing PF → MISSING_REQUIRED_INPUT",
    "Built-in ×1000 between kW and VA"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Apparent power (IEV 131-11-41)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-41",
      "supports": "S (VA) is apparent power; distinct from active power P (kW); unit volt-ampere (VA)",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-41"
    },
    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Power factor (IEV 131-11-46)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-46",
      "supports": "λ = |P| / S; S(VA) = 1000 × P(kW) / λ and P = S × λ / 1000",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-46"
    },
    {
      "title": "IEEE Std 1459-2025",
      "section": "Real and apparent power conversion",
      "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1459/7578/",
      "supports": "S(VA) = 1000 × P(kW) / PF; P = S × PF / 1000",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "publisher": "IEEE",
      "published": "2025-05-16",
      "errata_checked": true
    },
    {
      "title": "BIPM SI Brochure (9th edition, version 4.01)",
      "section": "SI units for watt and volt-ampere",
      "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure",
      "supports": "1 kW = 1000 W scaling in VA conversion",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "published": "2026-06",
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.59161/AUEZ1291"
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Guide to the SI (SP 811)",
      "section": "Watt and volt-ampere as power units",
      "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811",
      "supports": "1 kW = 1000 W scaling in VA conversion",
      "kind": "reference"
    }
  ],
  "methods": [],
  "fingerprint": "sha256:f266ac0d36e60ba907e628204db60cef67fc8555232568453751b31bcdda0271",
  "tests": [
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      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
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        "a": 5,
        "b": 0.8
      },
      "expect": 6250,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 6250,
      "tol": 0.1
    },
    {
      "id": "1kW-0.8",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
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        "a": 1,
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      "tol": 0.1
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      "kind": "golden",
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        "b": 1
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      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 1000,
      "tol": 0.1
    },
    {
      "id": "va-kw",
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      "kind": "golden",
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        "a": 6250,
        "b": 0.8
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      "expect": 5,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 5,
      "tol": 0.001
    },
    {
      "id": "pf-zero",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
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        "a": 5,
        "b": 0
      },
      "expectError": "FRACTION_OUT_OF_RANGE",
      "code": "FRACTION_OUT_OF_RANGE",
      "error": "pf must be in (0, 1]"
    },
    {
      "id": "soft-zero",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kw-va",
        "a": 0,
        "b": 0.8
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      "expect": 0,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 0,
      "tol": 1e-12
    },
    {
      "id": "roundtrip",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "golden",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "va-kw",
        "a": 1250,
        "b": 0.8
      },
      "expect": 1,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 1,
      "tol": 0.001
    },
    {
      "id": "pf-missing",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
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        "a": 5
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      "expectError": "MISSING_REQUIRED_INPUT",
      "code": "MISSING_REQUIRED_INPUT",
      "error": "power_factor is required"
    },
    {
      "id": "neg",
      "ok": true,
      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
        "mode": "kw-va",
        "a": -1,
        "b": 0.8
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      "expectError": "VALUE_MUST_BE_NON_NEGATIVE",
      "code": "VALUE_MUST_BE_NON_NEGATIVE",
      "error": "P_kW must be ≥ 0"
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      "id": "bad-mode",
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      "expectError": "INVALID_MODE",
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      "error": "mode must be \"kw-va\" or \"va-kw\""
    },
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    {
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      "kind": "property",
      "detail": "va-kw recovers",
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      "actual": 5
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  "tier": "internally_reviewed",
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