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    "Time is expressed in hours"
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    "Time must be in hours"
  ],
  "boundary_conditions": [
    "kWh→kW (quotient): time t = 0 → 0 kW — soft",
    "Zero energy → 0 kW",
    "kW→kWh (product): zero power or time → 0 kWh",
    "Result is average power over the interval, not instantaneous peak"
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    {
      "title": "Energy–power identity",
      "section": "E = P × t with coherent units (kWh, kW, h)",
      "supports": "kW = kWh / h; kWh = kW × h",
      "kind": "definition"
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      "supports": "1 kWh = 3.6 MJ; power as energy per time",
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    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Active power (IEV 131-11-42)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-42",
      "supports": "P is active power; unit watt (W); kW is 10³ scale",
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      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-42"
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      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Watt hour (IEV 131-11-58)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-58",
      "supports": "1 Wh ≔ 3600 J; kWh is the common multiple. P(kW) = E(kWh)/t(h) at constant power",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-58"
    },
    {
      "title": "BIPM SI Brochure (9th edition, version 4.01)",
      "section": "Watt, joule, and hour",
      "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure",
      "supports": "P = E/t; 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "published": "2026-06",
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.59161/AUEZ1291"
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  "methods": [],
  "fingerprint": "sha256:3b1f9a97a4bef7f3e3ad1a5777c672b019cda4e25024e652548b3f332ad8c5fe",
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