{
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  "tool_id": "watts-to-volts",
  "engine": "watts-to-volts",
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  "passed": 13,
  "failed": 0,
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      "passed": 13
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    "boundary": {
      "total": 0,
      "passed": 0
    },
    "property": {
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  "engine_tested": true,
  "expert_reviewed": false,
  "internally_reviewed": false,
  "review_kind": null,
  "source_checked": true,
  "reviewed_by": null,
  "reviewer_role": null,
  "last_reviewed": null,
  "expert_review": {
    "status": "optional_not_performed",
    "reviewer": null,
    "scope": [
      "formula",
      "input semantics",
      "assumptions",
      "limitations",
      "sources",
      "tests"
    ],
    "note": "Domain expert review is optional under CVP (CVP-EXP-01). Absence does not block CVP Verified. See Review policy for supplemental domain assurance."
  },
  "internal_review": {
    "status": "not_applicable",
    "reviewer": null
  },
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  "api": "https://www.calculatorx.com/api/v1/calc/watts-to-volts",
  "schema_input": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.watts_to_volts.input.json",
  "schema_output": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.watts_to_volts.output.json",
  "assumptions": [
    "RMS quantities for AC",
    "Balanced three-phase when √3 selected",
    "Ohms path assumes real resistive (or |Z| for RF magnitude)"
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "RMS quantities for AC",
    "Balanced three-phase when phase is three",
    "Ohms path is resistive magnitude, V = √(P·R)"
  ],
  "boundary_conditions": [
    "Amps path (phase-quotient): zero current (b) → 0 V — soft",
    "Zero power (a) on amps path → 0 V",
    "PF ≤ 0 on amps/reverse watts paths treated as PF = 1 (engine: pf > 0 ? pf : 1) — soft",
    "Ohms path (sqrt-product): negative P×R clamped to 0 under √ — soft",
    "Zero P or R on ohms path → 0 V",
    "Engine does not hard-reject PF outside (0,1]; document PF ∈ (0,1] for physical AC use"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Watt’s law / power identity",
      "section": "Real power P = V × I × PF (1φ); P = √3 × V × I × PF (3φ L-L)",
      "supports": "V = P/(I·PF); P = V·I·PF; 3φ with √3",
      "kind": "definition"
    },
    {
      "title": "Resistive power identity",
      "section": "P = V²/R ⇒ V = √(P·R)",
      "supports": "W → V (ohms) / RF |Z| magnitude path",
      "kind": "definition"
    },
    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Active power (IEV 131-11-42)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-42",
      "supports": "P is active power; unit watt (W). Watts-path voltage uses P, not apparent power S.",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-42"
    },
    {
      "title": "IEC 60050 — International Electrotechnical Vocabulary",
      "section": "Power factor (IEV 131-11-46)",
      "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-46",
      "supports": "λ = |P| / S; AC watts path V = P / (I·λ) (1φ) or V = P / (√3·I·λ) (3φ L-L)",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "clause": "IEV 131-11-46"
    },
    {
      "title": "IEEE Std 1459-2025",
      "section": "Power factor in AC real-power calculations",
      "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1459/7578/",
      "supports": "PF scaling on amps and reverse watts paths",
      "kind": "standard",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "publisher": "IEEE",
      "published": "2025-05-16",
      "errata_checked": true
    },
    {
      "title": "BIPM SI Brochure (9th edition, version 4.01)",
      "section": "SI units for ampere, volt, ohm, and watt",
      "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure",
      "supports": "DC V = P/I; V = √(P·R) from P = V²/R",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-05",
      "published": "2026-06",
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.59161/AUEZ1291"
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Guide to the SI (SP 811)",
      "section": "Volt, ampere, ohm, watt",
      "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811",
      "supports": "SI unit relationships for V, A, Ω, W",
      "kind": "reference"
    }
  ],
  "methods": [],
  "fingerprint": "sha256:7ed8b340fe91a2cfbe681b97756c3c945dd364d07749b3fd19ef79a76b536c50",
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        "b": 2,
        "phase": "single",
        "pf": 1,
        "factor": 1
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      "expect": 120,
      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": 120,
      "tol": 0.01
    },
    {
      "id": "dc-20-4",
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      "kind": "golden",
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      "expect": 5,
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