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    "Swamee 1992 free-flow undershot sluice: Q = C_d a b √(2g y1); C_d = 0.611 [(y1−a)/y1]^{0.072}; SI a, b, y1, Q; C_d is reported, not an input",
    "Gate opening a is not orifice area A; y1 is upstream depth, not weir H; a/y1∈[0.05, 0.65]; y1 > a; free flow only",
    "Not thin-plate weir, not tank orifice C_d A √(2gH), not a flume, not Manning n, not Q=Av, not submerged y2"
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  "limitations": [
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    "Gate opening a is not orifice area A; y1 is upstream depth, not weir H; a/y1∈[0.05, 0.65]; y1 > a; free flow only",
    "Not thin-plate weir, not tank orifice C_d A √(2gH), not a flume, not Manning n, not Q=Av, not submerged y2"
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    "a ≥ y1 or a/y1 outside [0.05, 0.65] → VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE",
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      "section": "Free-flow undershot C_d",
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      "kind": "reference"
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    {
      "title": "ISO 80000-4 — Mechanics",
      "section": "Volume flow rate",
      "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/31895.html",
      "supports": "Q is volume flow; a, b, and y1 are lengths",
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