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Math calculator

Numerical Interpolation Calculator

Piecewise-linear, Lagrange, or natural cubic spline of tabulated (x, y). Not regression, not CAS. Runs locally.

Instant result
Result
—

Enter values to calculate.

Inputs—
Mode—
Formula—
Trust summary CVP VERIFIED · CVP protocol 1.0.0-proposed · Core assurance · all published methods
Input interpretation
Enter values to calculate.
Result
—
Verified scope
all published methods
Assurance
Core
Declared partition coverage
PASS · 4/4 declared partitions (linear, lagrange, spline, invalid-domain) · Matrix
Known limitations
  • Core CVP does not include live graph, viewport, or pointer interaction.
Model
y at x from tabulated points by piecewise linear, Lagrange, or natural cubic spline, with an engine-linked figure of the nodes and P(x).
Scope
The Result Card includes an engine-linked figure of the tabulated nodes and P(x) (query marker is published y; n>16 reads points from inputs, not a REST field). Same lerp / Lagrange / natural cubic spline as REST/MCP. Not Akima / PCHIP / regression / CAS.
Verification
Engine tested · Source checked · v1.1.0 · CVP VERIFIED · CVP protocol 1.0.0-proposed · Core assurance · all published methods· View Manifest · CVP overview · Specification
Versions
Calculation 1.1.0 · CVP protocol 1.0.0-proposed · Evidence 2026-09-22.numerical-cvp
Verification revision
2026-09-22.numerical-cvp · 1/1 property · digest 940cc3953c2b
Legacy regression
13/13 tests · Production surface contract 6/6
Trust layers
Verification VERIFIED · Production CURRENT · Overall CVP state: VERIFIED under CVP 1.0.0-proposed
Reference
O1 model · O2 expected_values · O2 numerical_behavior
Interfaces
PASS · UI (SSR) / REST / MCP — ui-ssr is query-result HTML, not a live browser session. Error-path engine·REST·MCP 1/1 (status, code, calculation_version). SSR compared on URL-canonical requested calculations; empty query is idle (not an error) and JSON-typed object/array inputs are REST/MCP-only.
Supplemental domain review
Not performed
Named expert review
Not performed
CVP suite
3/3 golden · 2/2 CVP boundary · 4/4 invalid · 1/1 property · 3/3 cross-interface · 1/1 cross-calculator · 6/6 CVP contract · Manifest
Sources
  • ISO 80000-2:2019 Quantities and units — Mathematics
  • CRC Standard Mathematical Tables — Lagrange polynomial and natural cubic spline
Sources
Evidence
4 legacy golden · 2 legacy boundary · legacy regression suite · 3/3 oracle-backed golden · 4/4 invalid · Artifact integrity PASS
This calculator CURRENT · Public schema 1.1.0 matches · Semantic contract ✓ · Production attested · Public/cache ✓ · Origin ✓
Semantic contract
PASS
Full verification

Manifest identity, reference classes, interfaces, suite, and production records.

Formulas

Core equations used by this calculator.

Lineary = y₀ + (y₁−y₀)(x−x₀)/(x₁−x₀)
Lagrangey = Σ yⱼ ℓⱼ(x), ℓⱼ = Πᵢ≠ⱼ (x−xᵢ)/(xⱼ−xᵢ)
Natural splineS″(x₀) = S″(xₙ) = 0
iPoints as x,y; x,y (semicolon-separated) or two-point x0,y0,x1,y1. Linear/spline table ≤ 100 points. Lagrange ≤ 9 points (degree ≤ 8). x outside the table needs extrapolate=true for linear and spline.

How to use

1

Enter tabulated points

At least two pairs with unique x. Linear is piecewise; Lagrange is one polynomial; spline is piecewise cubic. Discovery /spline-interpolation locks spline.

2

Evaluate at x

Linear and spline stay inside [x_min, x_max] unless extrapolate is on. Lagrange is defined everywhere. The figure shows the nodes, P(x), and the query.

Example calculations

Common configurations with formula and result.

ϟ

Midpoint

(0,0) and (10,20) at x=5

y = 0 + 20·5/10
10
ϟ

Natural spline

(0,0), (1,1), (2,0) at x=0.5

S″ ends = 0
0.6875

Numerical Interpolation calculator specification

Version 1.1.0 · Engine tested

Calculation status

Review policy · Evidence

Definition
Given tabulated points (xₖ, yₖ) with unique x, piecewise linear interpolates on the bracketing interval. Lagrange builds the unique polynomial of degree n−1 through n points. A natural cubic spline is piecewise cubic with S″=0 at the ends. Not statistical regression.
What it calculates
y at x from tabulated points by piecewise linear, Lagrange, or natural cubic spline, with an engine-linked figure of the nodes and P(x).
Inputs
  • method
  • x
  • points?
  • x0?
  • y0?
  • x1?
  • y1?
  • extrapolate?
Outputs
  • y
  • n
  • in_range
  • extrapolated
Formula
piecewise linear / Lagrange / natural cubic spline
Assumptions
  • The Result Card includes an engine-linked figure of the tabulated nodes and P(x) (query marker is published y; n>16 reads points from inputs, not a REST field). Same lerp / Lagrange / natural cubic spline as REST/MCP. Not Akima / PCHIP / regression / CAS.
  • Unique x; sorted internally
  • Natural spline ends, not clamped
  • Not Akima / PCHIP / regression / CAS
Units
  • dimensionless
Boundary conditions
  • x outside table without extrapolate → VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE
  • duplicate x → INVALID_INPUT
  • unknown method (including akima) → INVALID_MODE
Example
linear (0,0)(10,20) x=5 → 10
Validation cases

3 published on this page · 13/13 tests · Production surface contract 6/6 · View evidence

  • method=linear points=0,0;10,20 x=5 → y=10
  • method=spline points=0,0;1,1;2,0 x=0.5 → y=0.6875
  • method=akima points=0,0;1,1 x=0.5 → INVALID_MODE
Sources
  • ISO 80000-2:2019 Quantities and units — Mathematics
    Supports: Interpolation of tabulated (x, y) by a unique polynomial of degree n−1
  • CRC Standard Mathematical Tables — Lagrange polynomial and natural cubic spline
    Supports: Lagrange ℓⱼ; natural cubic spline with S″=0 at the ends; piecewise linear lerp
Calculation version
1.1.0

Other calculators in this family: Brent Method Calculator, Definite Integral Calculator, Euler Method Calculator, Gauss Quadrature Calculator, Golden Section Search Calculator, Nonlinear Equation Calculator, Numerical Derivative Calculator, Numerical Root Calculator . Explore all Numerical Calculus.

→ Brent Method Calculator Brent’s method (golden section plus inverse parabolic interpolation) for a minimum of a polynomial, sin, or exp on [a, b]. Same engine as One-Dimensional Optimization. Not root-finding Brent. Runs locally. › → Definite Integral Calculator Composite trapezoid, Simpson 1/3, or Gauss–Legendre of a polynomial, sin, or exp on [a, b]. Not indefinite symbolic integrate. Runs locally. › → Euler Method Calculator Forward Euler for a scalar first-order IVP y′=f(t,y). Same engine as Ordinary Differential Equation. Not RK4, not rk45, not a system. Runs locally. › → Gauss Quadrature Calculator n-point Gauss–Legendre quadrature of a polynomial, sin, or exp on [a, b]. Same engine as Definite Integral. Not indefinite CAS. Runs locally. › → Golden Section Search Calculator Golden-section search for a minimum of a polynomial, sin, or exp on [a, b]. Same engine as One-Dimensional Optimization. Not Brent, not multivariate. Runs locally. › → Nonlinear Equation Calculator Find one approximate real zero of a polynomial or sin x with Newton, bisection, or secant. Uses the Numerical Root engine. Runs locally. › → Numerical Derivative Calculator Finite-difference derivative of a polynomial, sin, or exp, plus a numeric two-sided limit. Central, forward, backward, or limit. Discovery /two-sided-limit. Not symbolic d/dx. Runs locally. › → Numerical Root Calculator Find an approximate real zero of a polynomial or sin x with Newton, bisection, or secant. Enter a starting point or bracket and inspect the stopping criterion. Runs locally. ›

Frequently asked questions

Key distinctions behind the calculation.

Is this Akima, PCHIP, or regression?

No. Methods are piecewise linear, Lagrange, and natural cubic spline. Akima, PCHIP, clamped spline, and least-squares fit are out of scope. It is not a Statistics calculator.

Where does this run?

Locally in the browser by default. REST and MCP call the same interpolation engine. /spline-interpolation is a discovery URL, not a second engine.